Suppose you were a visitor from another planet and you looked down at the Eurozone from your spaceship. You would see some countries (mostly in the North) which are doing quite well and you would see other countries (mostly in the South) where unemployment rages and economic activity is declining rapidly.
What questions would you ask?
Well, first of all you would ask why this is so. The answer would not be that the Southern countries have such high budget deficits (from the spaceship you wouldn't even see the budget deficits...). Instead, the answer would have to be that the Northern countries are doing something better than the Southern countries. In short, they are more competitive.
Perhaps you would look for the switch "Competitiveness - on/off" and try to pull it. Regrettably, that wouldn't work because there is no such switch. Instead, there are systems (business frameworks) which lead to more or less competitiveness. You would have to conclude that the North has better such systems than the South.
So the conclusion would appear obvious: implement in the South the systems which seemingly work so well in the North. Except that new systems can't be implemented just like that. Once the rules of the free market get out of whack (and they have gotten extremely out of whack between the North and the South), those rules won't cure the problem any longer. It's a bit like hoping that free market forces will correct the downsides of a cartel!
One needs the process of a "managed economy" (not to be confused with a planned economy!) for some time. If one wants to have more or less good employment throughout the Eurozone, one needs to bring the commercial flows, the real economy, back into balance. It's not good enough for Germany to announce that they want to import more from Greece. Germany would first have to concern itself with the question how Greece could produce the products which it is prepared to import.
An economic development plan in a free market environment really doesn't do that much planning. Instead, it sets new incentives so that the plan's objectives come about by themselves. One such incentive could aim, for example, at shifting some of the investments which Germany makes outside the Eurozone to the South of the Eurozone. Obviously, the South would have to provide the business framework so that those investments make sense.
One such instrument would be government guarantees for foreign investment in Greece. A radical new thought? Not really! Countries like Austria or Germany have had, as part of their government programs for international trade promotion, such programs in place seemingly forever. The Austrian company which wants to invest in a foreign country can get government insurance for a very reasonable fee. It can get insurance for either the political risk or the economic risk, or for both. The deductibles are very manageable (in some cases no more than 10%).
Not all countries are eligible for that insurance and I doubt that Greece presently is. But what would it take to make Greece eligible? Not all that much, I would guess. Bear in mind, however, that foreign investors do not transfer their capital simply because they get government insurance. They only transfer it if they see good business opportunities in the country at issue. That is where Greece's responsibility would come into play.
What is the incentive for the Germany's (or for the EU in general) to implement such policies? It can only be in the interest of a Germany to have strong trading partners in the periphery. Weak trading partners stop trading. A case in point: German exports to Portugal declined 14,3% in the first 6 months of 2012. Wouldn't it be a lot smarter for Germany to have manufacturing companies in Greece which need to import machinery from Germany?
To me, what is desperately missing in the debate about the Eurozone is a focus on the real economies of the EZ-countries. Many years ago, the EU had implemented the instrument of structural funds. Their idea was to shift capital to underdeveloped regions so that those could develop and create value on their own. At the end of the day, both parties were expected to benefit from that, and in many cases that happened.
It seems to me that what the Eurozone needs more than anything else is an expanded version of such structural funds. It is no longer a region of Greece which needs to be developed. It is now the entire country which needs that. I hasten to add: particularly in the case of Greece, it is not so much money which is required. Money will flow quickly on its own if there are good investment opportunities. What Greece needs above all is know-how transfer. Know-how of all possible kinds, not only technological know-how. For example: know-how about management, about corporate governance, etc.
In my opinion, if ways cannot be found where the flow of investments within the Eurozone concentrates on those areas where investment is needed the most, the Eurozone will not get out of the financial troubles it is presently in.
What questions would you ask?
Well, first of all you would ask why this is so. The answer would not be that the Southern countries have such high budget deficits (from the spaceship you wouldn't even see the budget deficits...). Instead, the answer would have to be that the Northern countries are doing something better than the Southern countries. In short, they are more competitive.
Perhaps you would look for the switch "Competitiveness - on/off" and try to pull it. Regrettably, that wouldn't work because there is no such switch. Instead, there are systems (business frameworks) which lead to more or less competitiveness. You would have to conclude that the North has better such systems than the South.
So the conclusion would appear obvious: implement in the South the systems which seemingly work so well in the North. Except that new systems can't be implemented just like that. Once the rules of the free market get out of whack (and they have gotten extremely out of whack between the North and the South), those rules won't cure the problem any longer. It's a bit like hoping that free market forces will correct the downsides of a cartel!
One needs the process of a "managed economy" (not to be confused with a planned economy!) for some time. If one wants to have more or less good employment throughout the Eurozone, one needs to bring the commercial flows, the real economy, back into balance. It's not good enough for Germany to announce that they want to import more from Greece. Germany would first have to concern itself with the question how Greece could produce the products which it is prepared to import.
An economic development plan in a free market environment really doesn't do that much planning. Instead, it sets new incentives so that the plan's objectives come about by themselves. One such incentive could aim, for example, at shifting some of the investments which Germany makes outside the Eurozone to the South of the Eurozone. Obviously, the South would have to provide the business framework so that those investments make sense.
One such instrument would be government guarantees for foreign investment in Greece. A radical new thought? Not really! Countries like Austria or Germany have had, as part of their government programs for international trade promotion, such programs in place seemingly forever. The Austrian company which wants to invest in a foreign country can get government insurance for a very reasonable fee. It can get insurance for either the political risk or the economic risk, or for both. The deductibles are very manageable (in some cases no more than 10%).
Not all countries are eligible for that insurance and I doubt that Greece presently is. But what would it take to make Greece eligible? Not all that much, I would guess. Bear in mind, however, that foreign investors do not transfer their capital simply because they get government insurance. They only transfer it if they see good business opportunities in the country at issue. That is where Greece's responsibility would come into play.
What is the incentive for the Germany's (or for the EU in general) to implement such policies? It can only be in the interest of a Germany to have strong trading partners in the periphery. Weak trading partners stop trading. A case in point: German exports to Portugal declined 14,3% in the first 6 months of 2012. Wouldn't it be a lot smarter for Germany to have manufacturing companies in Greece which need to import machinery from Germany?
To me, what is desperately missing in the debate about the Eurozone is a focus on the real economies of the EZ-countries. Many years ago, the EU had implemented the instrument of structural funds. Their idea was to shift capital to underdeveloped regions so that those could develop and create value on their own. At the end of the day, both parties were expected to benefit from that, and in many cases that happened.
It seems to me that what the Eurozone needs more than anything else is an expanded version of such structural funds. It is no longer a region of Greece which needs to be developed. It is now the entire country which needs that. I hasten to add: particularly in the case of Greece, it is not so much money which is required. Money will flow quickly on its own if there are good investment opportunities. What Greece needs above all is know-how transfer. Know-how of all possible kinds, not only technological know-how. For example: know-how about management, about corporate governance, etc.
In my opinion, if ways cannot be found where the flow of investments within the Eurozone concentrates on those areas where investment is needed the most, the Eurozone will not get out of the financial troubles it is presently in.
A remarkable insight, Herr Kastner.
ReplyDeleteHad the EU economists and bureaucrats had this ability, things would be very different now.
It is also quite surprising that such a (relatively) simple measure can bring dynamism to an economy. Yet nobody seems to have seen it. The Greeks moan about their inability to export elsewhere, the Germans simply got on with it. My point is that the Greeks didn't realize that this key was missing, the Germans didn't realize it was the core of the problem. The latter in any case were too busy exporting, had their hands full as it were.
As ever, it seems the EU was asleep at the wheel.
I would like to add that there are many initiatives around. I had an email from a friend in Thailand this morning which detailed one such that is dedicated to Thai silk.
ReplyDelete"OTOP (One Tambon [sub-district in Thailand] One Product) was a project started in 2001 to promote the indigenous products in the sub-districts of Thailand in order to boost local economies and incomes.
This scheme is modelled after the Japanese One Village One Product (OVOP) movement started by Dr Morihiko Hiramatsu, Governor of Oita Prefecture, Japan."
http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/Bangkok_Travelbug-September12.html
You made the point! No jobs, no taxes.
ReplyDeleteGreece should make it easier for foreign and local investors to create working places, still the bureaucracy is to strong, tax-stimuli should be advertsed worldwide as Turkey did and is still doing.
The country needs good publicity campaigns to go forward.
The trouble is Greece is still the ultimate perfectionist of financial corruption; where does it's internally generated revenue from taxes go ? The EU has allowed it unchecked over decades to swallow outside monies at a fantastic rate. Tax collection and accountancy admin remains a shambles. Will it change ?
ReplyDeleteHaven't we been through all this before with regional development authorities and enterprise zones.
ReplyDeleteI can recall millions of square feet of factory space lying idle in North Wales for years. When questioning why would an owner / landlord allow this to happen I was told that when the steelworks / mines shut down hundreds of millions were pumped in by Government and those "in the know" and with the right contacts could acquire land and build factory for next to nothing. Hence their need to obtain a return was minimal and they would rather leave factories empty and have no return that a lease income which did not meet their target figure.
Don't you think this so called "know how transfer" would be just a cover for Government intervention leading to even more bureaucracy and total distortion of the market ? As far as I can see the only beneficiaries would be those "in the know" with the right contacts who would screw the rest just as they always do.
Wouldn't it be better to stop cossetting the elite and start testing them to see just how smart and competitive they really are after decades of mollycoddling by the taxpayers of Europe ?
Your criticism is valid. Austria, in its heyday of state-owned industry not too long ago, thought it could "tell" businesses where to invest and what to invest in. All in the context of "saving jobs", of course. That is what I would call a "planned economy".
DeleteI recognize that the line to the "managed economy" is a thin one. One major difference would be to substitute "planning" with "incentives", whereby I want to make sure that such incentives cannot be unsustainable perks.
I am a firm believer that the real private economy responds to incentives when those incentives are prudent and sustainable. Still, the decision to invest must remain exclusively a voluntary one on the part of investors. If they don't respond to incentives, that's their fair choice.
Suppose Greece implemented indeed some Special Economic Zones where the incentive is an optimal business framework for investors. If investors still didn't come or, particularly, if they still preferred to invest elsewhere like in Eastern Europe, then that would have to be it. One shouldn't "buy" investments just like one shouldn't "buy" friends. When there is no more money, such investors and friends leave.
I hope we can agree that if Greece does not succeed in building up some kind of a middle-market manufacturing sector, it will face a most bleak future. The country can't support itself if all it does is selling each other souvlaki at inflated prices, paying for them with money borrowed abroad. There simply has got to be more domestic value generation in the economy (unless, of course, other countries are happy to continue with their vendor financing for consumption products. Periodically, they will have to write their receivables off).
I agree with you that it seems nearly impossible to circumvent the established Greek elite (those "in the know"; those who have taken the country for an unbelievable ride in the last decades). Again, here is my belief in middle-market private investors.
If foreign middle-market private investors are given the opportunity to "do their own thing" (i. e. if they can circumvent the established rules of the game of the local elites), I would have great confidence that they would make sure that their money is spent wisely.
I have been dealing with Austrian/German middle-market entrepreneurs in the last 20 years of my career. When they made foreign investment decisions, they were looking at the human resources of the various regions. Of course, labor cost was one thing but certainly not the only one. They were looking for, let me use a buzz expression, people who cared for "hard work and clean living", the right attitude, a sense of loyalty, etc. etc. To be cute: many of those attributes which made Greek guest-workers so popular and respected a few decades ago.
Why wait for Greeks to become guest-workers again? Why not employ them in their own country?
If only we could make buzz expressions of "real private economy" and "mid-market manufacturing sector"
ReplyDeleteHaving lived and worked in Southern Germany I understand your belief that middle-market entrepreneurs can be the key to prosperity in Greece. But I fear that in Greece, as in Britain, the enterprising class have a different philosophy to their counterparts in Central Europe.
In Germany I found businessman were totally motivated by the desire to build something tangible and they were proud of creating new products, developing innovative engineering processes and assembling a team (community) of motivated and well rewarded staff.
In Britain I found businessmen were primarily motivated by creating enough monetary wealth for themselves to enable them to reach the next step in the social ladder. They measured success by having kids at private school,driving a prestige car, acquiring a country house and generally doing their best to give the impression they were an "old money family"
Although I have no experience of Greece I fear that the entrepreneurial class in that country may also have priorities other than building successful and forward thinking business. I fear that money created in a first wave of business success may well be diverted for the purpose of joining the Greek elite and acquiring whatever trinkets that class of people may wear as their badge of honour !
In my opinion the leaders of society are failing the masses. They are happy to be cossetted in their world of private pleasure and self satisfied complacency. What is needed from the best and most able in society is a constant striving for improvement but what we see is unashamed ostentatious consumption.
Too many of our leaders are like Harry Lime in "The Third Man". They look down from their ivory towers in Brussels, Wall Street or the City of London and are completely indifferent to the plight of "hard working, clean living, honest and loyal" people throughout the World.
"Victims? Don't be melodramatic. Look down there. Tell me. Would you really feel any pity if one of those dots stopped moving forever? If I offered you twenty thousand pounds for every dot that stopped, would you really, old man, tell me to keep my money, or would you calculate how many dots you could afford to spare? Free of income tax, old man. Free of income tax - the only way you can save money nowadays."
Good! So you know what I mean by the middle-market entrepreneurial in, say, Southern Germany. My point is (and I have seen that in practice): when they invest in other countries, they bring their culture of corporate governance with them. That's part of what I mean by know-how transfer. I share your very critical view of Greece's ruling class. Realistically, one can never get rid of such a ruling class but one should make every effort to by-pass it.
DeleteThe Harry-Lime's, or rather investors with a short-term financial interest are the ones to stay away from. There are lots of Harry-Lime's in Germany, too, but the backbone of that economy is still the sheer endless number of middle-market companies whose culture you have described well.
Great post as usual (I have been reading your blog for some time now, I think as a result of a link from Gemma in the Telegraph comment area).
ReplyDeleteMy observation, as someone who has assisted in a small way some well-known multinationals to optimize the efficiency and effectiveness of their global IT organizations, is that know-how transfer is the hardest thing to achieve. Particularly the seamless kind of knowledge transfer that is immediately documented and embedded, and which is facilitated by built-in mechanisms. And this is a problem in multinationals with shared visions and goals amongst the self-selecting and distributed workforce.
With Greece, is their either the will or the skill to first assimilate the knowledge and then take advantage of it? You'll remember that a very generous German offer to send high-level tax experts to try to help Athens to improve its tax collection regime was knocked back as an insult and an affront to sovereignty. There have been many similar incidents over the past couple of years, in which offered assistance or advice has been knocked back.
I genuinely think that Greece is consciously or unconsciously rejecting 'development', 'modernization', 'liberalization' measures like a body rejects a donated organ when there is not an exact match. Hence the rise in support for extreme parties of the right and left in the polls - surely a throwback to less happy periods in Greek history.
Two years after the state ceased being able to pay its bills without outside help, there's still foot-dragging at all levels of society over implementing the most basic measures to reform and resolve the clientilist political culture, non-functioning administration, widespread corruption in both public and private sectors, and endemic tax evasion.
An economic development plan built on the Greece of today would be no more than building a house on sand. There must first be a mental change of direction and a collective determination to wean the state out of the old bad habits of spending more than it collects in revenues. But at the moment this cannot happen because the politicians, knowing too well the electorate they serve, will promise, rather than the needed belt tightening, the usual goodies for all to get votes.
It is only if or when things change that even a small proportion of the millions of talented expats who have picked up the know-how you speak of from countries like Germany, Canada, Australia and the United States would so much as consider returning to their ancestral home.
At the moment, they would simply be frustrated by prevailing attitudes, their suggestions would be ignored, and their dynamic efforts would be obstructed by red tape and fakelaki demands. The past quarter century of cheap money - the disaster we're seeing today had its genesis in EU accession, not euro entry - has simply distorted the Greek economy, rewarding rent-seeking and profiteering of various kinds and disincentivizing wealth generating activities.
When you don't exercise your muscles for a prolonged period they eventually atrophy and wither away, and in due course you lose both the will and the ability to take part in normal activities. This economically speaking is what has happened to Greece, and I think it is going to take the shock of EZ exit and the resulting fight for national existence (without the safety net that is currently being provided by the Germans the Greeks so love to blame for their woes) to change this.
Sorry to be such a pessimist but this is my reasoned analysis at this time.
I am afraid that your observations are, in large part, correct. I would only say that I always have the impression like there are two Greece's and at least two types of Greeks. Yes, I know those Greeks who literally seem to object to the value structures of the industrialized West, if not the West in toto.
DeleteBut I also know a lot of Greeks, particularly in the younger generation, who have become "modern" and who would like to move the country forward.
Anyway, it may well be that Greece needs a "national shock" to wake up and come to senses at long last. If you have followed my blog for some time, you may have noticed that I am actually torn between the two extremes. Sometimes, hopefully most of the time, I follow the logic of "hope dies last" and try to come up with ideas how this thing could be rescued after all. Other times, I resign myself to the fact that time for hope has already passed.
PS: I have a friend, a Brit married to a Greek, who spent the last 10 years of his working life as a consultant. They had moved to Greece and he was off to assignments of several months each to far-away countries. I asked him why he was not looking for consulting jobs in Greece. His answer: "Consulting in Greece would be one single frustration. Greeks think they already know everything and they certainly don't need a foreigner to teach them something. Instead of considering my proposals, they would use all their energies to prove that I was wrong".
Ha Ha! A story which underscores the essential futility of the consulting job which I also do, whilst highlighting the at-all-times simultaneously endearing and infuriating "Greekness" of the Greeks.
ReplyDeleteI am with you in seesawing between the extremes of optimism and pessimism. Yet regardless of what mood I'm in, I never doubt for one second that the Greeks will come through in the end - even if only after having made things unnecessarily difficult for themselves.